{"id":25491,"date":"2019-01-09T15:20:24","date_gmt":"2019-01-09T21:20:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/lafeber.com\/pet-birds\/?p=25491"},"modified":"2025-08-19T22:49:07","modified_gmt":"2025-08-20T03:49:07","slug":"how-good-is-a-parrots-long-term-memory","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/lafeber.com\/pet-birds\/how-good-is-a-parrots-long-term-memory\/","title":{"rendered":"How Good Is A Parrot\u2019s Long-Term Memory?"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"closeup
Photo from Pixabay<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

I\u2019m often asked that question, particularly in regards to parrots that have been or are being re-homed\u2026.will they forget previous situations or will their behavior be a constant challenge to a new owner? The answer is not at all simple, and no controlled scientific experiments have actually studied long-term memory in parrots.<\/p>\n

In the laboratory, few studies examine avian memory beyond that of a few days\u2019 time, at the most; the majority examine delays of only seconds or minutes. Some research on ravens, however, suggest they can remember the calls of various individuals for at least three years (Boeckle & Bugnyar, 2012<\/em>); pigeons have been tested foronly up to about six months on memory for objects (Cook et al., 2005<\/em>)\u2014but no one knows how long their memories might really last.<\/p>\n

Certainly, there are plenty of reasons to believe that parrots\u2019 memories are as good as ours. A number of research papers now demonstrate that these birds have brain areas that function in ways very similar to the human cortex (Chakroborty et al., 2015; Jarvis et al. 2005, 2013; Olkawiciz et al, 2016; Guti\u00e9rrez-Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez et al., 2018<\/em>), that they have extremely high neural densities that enable advanced cognitive processing (which requires good memory; Olkawicz et al., 2016<\/em>), and that even genomic similarities exist between parrot and human brains (Wirthlin et al., 2018<\/em>). An ongoing study in my lab suggests that a Grey parrot has a visual working memory that outperforms that of young children and is mostly equivalent to that of adult humans (Pepperberg & Pailian, 2017<\/em>).<\/p>\n

Furthermore, many anecdotes exist that claim that parrots can remember situations, other parrots, and people over the course of their long lives. If you do an internet search, you will find many such instances. These instances can, just as for humans, be positive or negative. Thus there are heart-warming stories of parrots that have been reunited with owners after long-term separations.<\/p>\n

Why Parrots Need to Remember<\/p>\n

In the wild, parrots need to remember the location and navigational paths to food sources that may be available only once a year; thus the need for some form of long-term memory is clear. We also know that parrots that have been abused suffer from PTSD-like symptoms, and respond negatively to whatever situations or objects remind them of the abusive instances. Like humans, these birds can be de-sensitized with appropriate training and care over time. In the wild, memories for triggers such as rare predators could be life-saving; thus the evolutionary reasons for this form of memory are obvious.<\/p>\n

What Do Pepperberg’s Parrots Remember?<\/h3>\n

My own experiences are limited to anecdotes, but support the ideas raised above. For example, fresh organic cherries are available for only a short period once a year, but their appearance would elicit an extremely clear \u201cCHERRY\u201d from Alex. As I\u2019ve noted in a previous blog, Griffin and Athena sometimes produce what we call \u201chidden labels\u201d\u2014ones we\u2019ve thought they either didn\u2019t have or had forgotten\u2014in similar appropriate situations. Notably, although we rarely mention anything about avian doctors in the day-to-day chatter in the lab, the words \u201cveterinarian,\u201d \u201cvet,\u201d or even my veterinarian\u2019s name<\/em> triggers anxiety behavior in Griffin and Athena; we have to refer to her as \u201cshe who must not be named.\u201d<\/p>\n

Griffin, and Alex before him, also seem to remember previous students over decades. Alex, who didn\u2019t like strangers, always made exceptions for tall, blond men; we always wondered if a tall blond male had been involved in his hand-feeding. Griffin makes exceptions only for strangers who somehow demonstrate to him that they have lots of animal experience\u2026so although he happily climbed onto the hands of my colleagues Frans de Waal and Thomas Bugnyar, new students may wait many weeks before he\u2019ll accept them\u2014but he remembers returning students without fail. [Athena, in contrast, likes everyone, probably because she has learned that new people will let her get away with things like chewing on their glasses or jewelry\u2014behaviors that would trigger an immediate time-out from lab regulars.]<\/p>\n

What I find of particular interest is how Griffin\u2014and, again, Alex before him\u2014seem to distinguish between student absences that are short versus long\u2014the break point seems to be about six months. Thus students who have left for a long summer vacation will definitely get the “cold wing” upon their return, as I noted in an earlier entry<\/a>. However, a student who has graduated and then returned after a prolonged absence will immediately be heartily and happily greeted! Last year, a student returned after a five-year absence, and Griffin acted as though it had been about five minutes.<\/p>\n

We don\u2019t know any logical reasons for these differences but of course we can anthropomorphize\u2014maybe the “anger” at being abandoned lessens over time, to be replaced with “relief” at the re-appearance of a long-lost friend. In any case, it seems that we should assume that parrot memories are similar to ours, and expect that they will remember people, events, and objects that play important roles in their lives.<\/p>\n

Boeckle, M, & Bugnyar, T. (2012). Long-term memory for affiliates in ravens. Current Biology, doi: 10.1016\/j.cub.2012.03.023<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

Chakraborty, M., Wall\u00f8e, S., Nedergaard, S., Fridel, E.E., et al., (2015). Core and shell song systems unique to the parrot brain. PLoS ONE 10<\/strong>(6): e0118496. doi:10.1371\/journal.pone.0118496<\/em><\/p>\n

Cook, R.G., Levison, D.G., Gillett, S.R., & Blaisdell, A.P. (2005). Capacity and limits of associative memory in pigeons. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 12<\/strong>, 350-358.<\/em><\/p>\n

Jarvis, E.D., G\u00fcnt\u00fcrk\u00fcn, O., Bruce, L., Csillag, A., Karten, H., Kuenzel, W., Medina, L., et al. (2005). Avian brains and a new understanding of vertebrate evolution. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 6<\/strong>, 151-159.<\/em><\/p>\n

Jarvis, E.D., Yu, J., Rivas, M.V., Horita, H., Feenders, G., Whitney, O., Jarvis, S.C., Jarvis, E.R., et al. (2013). Global view of the functional molecular organization of the avian cerebrum: mirror images and functional columns. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 521<\/strong>, 3614\u20133665<\/em><\/p>\n

Guti\u00e9rrez-Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez, C., Iwaniuk, A.N., & Wylie, D.R. (2018). Parrots have evolved a primate-like telencephalic-midbrain-cerebellar circuit. Scientific Reports (2018) 8:9960. doi:10.1038\/s41598-018-28301-4<\/em><\/p>\n

Olkowicz, S., Kocourek, M., Lu\u010dan, R.K., Porte\u0161, M., Fitch, W.T., Herculano-Houzel, S., N\u011bmec, P. \u00a0et al. (2016). Birds have primate-like numbers of neurons in the forebrain. Proceeding of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 113<\/strong>, 7255\u20137260.<\/em><\/p>\n

Pepperberg, I.M., & Pailian, H. (May 24, 2017). Evolution of mechanisms underlying visual working memory manipulation: when \u201cbird-brain\u201d is a compliment. Vision Science Society, FL<\/em><\/p>\n

Wirthlin, M., Lima, N.C.B., Guedes, R.L.M., Soares, A.E.R., et al. (2018). \u00a0Parrot genomes and the evolution of heightened longevity and cognition. Current Biology, doi:10.1016\/<\/a>j.cub.2018.10.050.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

How well do parrots remember situations, other parrots, and people over the course of their long lives? Dr. Pepperberg, gives us a rundown on research that points to parrots as having brain areas that function in ways similar to the human cortex, and how their extremely high neural densities enable advanced cognitive processing\u2014which requires good memory. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":23,"featured_media":44318,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[81,95,169],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-25491","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-behavior","category-health","category-new"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nHow Good Is A Parrot\u2019s Long-Term Memory? – Pet Birds by Lafeber Co.<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"How well do parrots remember situations, other parrots, and people over the course of their long lives? 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Dr. Pepperberg, gives us a rundown on research that points to parrots as having brain areas that function in ways similar to the human cortex, and how their extremely high neural densities enable advanced cognitive processing\u2014which requires good memory.","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/lafeber.com\/pet-birds\/how-good-is-a-parrots-long-term-memory\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/lafeber.com\/pet-birds\/how-good-is-a-parrots-long-term-memory\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/lafeber.com\/pet-birds\/how-good-is-a-parrots-long-term-memory\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/lafeber.com\/pet-birds\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/05\/yellow-crowned-amazon-px-2674315.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/lafeber.com\/pet-birds\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/05\/yellow-crowned-amazon-px-2674315.jpg","width":800,"height":800,"caption":"Photo from Pixabay"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/lafeber.com\/pet-birds\/how-good-is-a-parrots-long-term-memory\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/lafeber.com\/pet-birds\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"How Good Is A Parrot\u2019s Long-Term Memory?"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/lafeber.com\/pet-birds\/#website","url":"https:\/\/lafeber.com\/pet-birds\/","name":"Lafeber\u00ae Pet Birds","description":"Two Generations of Veterinarians Caring & Working for the Health of Animals","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/lafeber.com\/pet-birds\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/lafeber.com\/pet-birds\/#\/schema\/person\/e2384637ed0fac4b764f548a0441622d","name":"Irene Pepperberg, Ph.D.","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/lafeber.com\/pet-birds\/wp-content\/uploads\/Pepperberg3crop-96x96.jpg","url":"https:\/\/lafeber.com\/pet-birds\/wp-content\/uploads\/Pepperberg3crop-96x96.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/lafeber.com\/pet-birds\/wp-content\/uploads\/Pepperberg3crop-96x96.jpg","caption":"Irene Pepperberg, Ph.D."},"description":"Dr. Irene Pepperberg is a lecturer and research associate at\u00a0Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts, where her research lab is located. You can help Dr. Pepperberg continue the groundbreaking parrot research she began more than 30 years ago with Alex, the African grey parrot who won admirers from around the world with his cognitive abilities. If you shop online through sites such as Amazon.com, you can designate the Alex Foundation to receive a percentage of your final sales, or register with the Alex Foundation at iGive.com and a percentage of sales from companies associated with iGive will go to the foundation. The Alex Foundation also has a \u201cDonate\u201d button linked to PayPal. Visit\u00a0The Alex Foundation\u00a0and click on the \u201cSupport Us\u201d link for more information. Read more about the lab at The Alex Foundation Facebook page and at The Alex Foundation Twitter account.","url":"https:\/\/lafeber.com\/pet-birds\/author\/irene\/"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/lafeber.com\/pet-birds\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/25491","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/lafeber.com\/pet-birds\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/lafeber.com\/pet-birds\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lafeber.com\/pet-birds\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/23"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lafeber.com\/pet-birds\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=25491"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/lafeber.com\/pet-birds\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/25491\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":44717,"href":"https:\/\/lafeber.com\/pet-birds\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/25491\/revisions\/44717"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lafeber.com\/pet-birds\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/44318"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/lafeber.com\/pet-birds\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=25491"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lafeber.com\/pet-birds\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=25491"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lafeber.com\/pet-birds\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=25491"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}