{"id":25826,"date":"2010-02-25T06:00:08","date_gmt":"2010-02-25T06:00:08","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/lafeber.com\/vet\/es\/?p=25826"},"modified":"2019-01-27T21:28:54","modified_gmt":"2019-01-28T03:28:54","slug":"enterocolitis-en-hamsters","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/lafeber.com\/vet\/es\/enterocolitis-en-hamsters\/","title":{"rendered":"Enterocolitis en H\u00e1msters"},"content":{"rendered":"

Introducci\u00f3n<\/h2>\n

La diarrea es el problema m\u00e1s com\u00fan en los h\u00e1msters. En una encuesta realizada recientemente en dos grandes establecimientos de cr\u00eda comercial de los Estados Unidos, se observ\u00f3 que aproximadamente el 3% de los h\u00e1msters enviados a las tiendas desarrollan diarrea. La diarrea causada por enterocolitis puede ocurrir en los h\u00e1msters de cualquier edad o raza y se conoce com\u00fanmente como “cola mojada” (Figura 1). Los signos cl\u00ednicos en los animales destetados por lo general incluyen diarrea, anorexia, pelo rizado, deshidrataci\u00f3n, p\u00e9rdida de peso y la muerte. La tasa de mortalidad es a menudo m\u00e1s alta en los h\u00e1msters de 3-10 semanas de edad, si bien los h\u00e1msters adultos tambi\u00e9n pueden sufrir la enfermedad y morir.<\/p>\n

\"La<\/a>

Figura 1.<\/strong> La “cola mojada” o diarrea en un h\u00e1mster (Mesocricetus auratus<\/em>). Fotograf\u00eda por la Dra. Lauren Richey. Haga clic en la imagen para ampliar<\/em>.<\/p><\/div>\n

Etiolog\u00eda<\/h2>\n

La causa de enterocolitis (Figura 2) puede ser multifactorial en h\u00e1msters, involucrando agentes etiol\u00f3gicos bacterianos, parasitarios e incluso f\u00fangicos. Algunos de los pat\u00f3genos documentados en h\u00e1msters son tambi\u00e9n transmisibles a los seres humanos. Los brotes cl\u00ednicos pueden ser precipitados por el estr\u00e9s, tales como temperaturas o humedad alta, el hacinamiento, la desnutrici\u00f3n, cambios en la dieta, el transporte del animal o enfermedades subyacentes, como la endoparasitosis. <\/p>\n

\"Aspecto<\/a>

Figura 2.<\/strong> Aspecto macrosc\u00f3pico de la enterocolitis en un h\u00e1mster (Mesocricetus auratus<\/em>). Fotograf\u00eda proporcionada por la Dra. Lauren Richey. Haga clic en la imagen para ampliar<\/em>.<\/p><\/div>\n

Bacteria<\/h3>\n

Hist\u00f3ricamente, la enterocolitis o "cola mojada" se ha asociado con la ileitis proliferativa causada por Lawsonia intracellularis.<\/em>Sin embargo, no hab\u00eda evidencia de ileitis proliferativa en los estudios hechos por Barron et al<\/em> o Motzel et al<\/em>. Otras bacterias que han sido implicadas en la "cola mojada" incluyen Clostridium<\/em> spp., Escherichia coli<\/em>, Campylobacter jejuni<\/em>, Helicobacter aurati<\/em>, Salmonella<\/em> spp. y Pasteurella pneumotropica<\/em>. En una encuesta reciente de dos grandes establecimientos de cr\u00eda comerciales estadounidenses, las infecciones cl\u00ednicamente significativas se dieron con especies de los g\u00e9neros Campylobacter<\/em> y Clostridium<\/em>. Clostridium piliforme <\/em>es una bacteria intracelular obligada gram-negativa, formadora de esporas y es el agente causante de la enfermedad de Tyzzer. Clostridium difficile<\/em> tambi\u00e9n se ha asociado con enterotoxemia, tiflitis y enteritis en h\u00e1msters (Figura 3).<\/p>\n

\"Apariencia<\/a>

Figura 3.<\/strong> Apariencia histol\u00f3gica de la enfermedad de Tyzzer en un h\u00e1mster (Mesocricetus auratus<\/em>). Fotograf\u00eda proporcionada por la Dra. Lauren Richey. Haga clic en la imagen para ampliar<\/em>.<\/p><\/div>\n

Par\u00e1sitos<\/h3>\n

Las infecciones concurrentes leves a graves con la tenia Hymenolepis nana<\/em> son muy comunes en los h\u00e1msters con enterocolitis bacteriana (Figura 4). A medida que el grado de la enfermedad y debilidad aumentan, tambi\u00e9n lo hace la carga parasitaria de la tenia. En algunos individuos, la carga parasitaria es lo suficientemente alta para casi causar obstrucci\u00f3n de los intestinos. Los protozoos Giardia <\/em>spp, Entamoeba <\/em>spp, Spironucleus muris<\/em> y Trichomonas<\/em> spp. tambi\u00e9n son encontradas en los individuos afectados.<\/p>\n

\"Aspecto<\/a>

Figura 4.<\/strong> Aspecto macrosc\u00f3pico de la tenia, Hymenolepsis nana, de un h\u00e1mster (Mesocricetus auratus<\/em>). Fotograf\u00eda proporcionada por la Dra. Lauren Richey. Haga clic en la imagen para ampliar<\/em>.<\/p><\/div>\n

Agentes f\u00fangicos<\/h3>\n

La levadura Torulopsis sp<\/em>. (Candida sp<\/em>.) puede colonizar densamente el est\u00f3mago de los h\u00e1msters.<\/p>\n

Control<\/h2>\n

La prevenci\u00f3n y tratamiento de la "cola mojada" se ha centrado hist\u00f3ricamente en torno a los antimicrobianos, el cuidado y manejo apropiado, la cr\u00eda y el sacrificio selectivo. Desafortunadamente, este enfoque es rara vez gratificante debido a la naturaleza intracelular de C. piliforme<\/em> y la progresi\u00f3n aguda de la enfermedad de Tyzzer.<\/p>\n

Las esporas bacterianas son bastante estables y pueden retener su capacidad infecciosa por 1 a 2 a\u00f1os. El control de la enterocolitis en un centro de cr\u00eda comercial idealmente involucrar\u00eda la despoblaci\u00f3n, la desinfecci\u00f3n rigurosa y la repoblaci\u00f3n con cr\u00edas libres de C. piliforme<\/em>.<\/p>\n

El cuidado del paciente individual se basa en la terapia con antibi\u00f3ticos y cuidados de apoyo. Comience antibi\u00f3ticos orales como trimetoprima-sulfametoxazol (Bactrim\u00ae, Roche) a 30 mg\/kg cada 12 horas PO o enrofloxacina (Baytril\u00ae, Bayer) 5-10 mg\/kg PO cada 12 horas. Dependiendo del estado cl\u00ednico del paciente, los fluidos subcut\u00e1neos y el apoyo nutricional tambi\u00e9n pueden ser necesarios.<\/p>\n

Considerando la teor\u00eda que las cargas altas de gusanos hacen a los intestinos m\u00e1s vulnerables a la infecci\u00f3n bacteriana, Barron et al<\/em> medicaron a h\u00e1msters destetados con praziquantel (Droncit\u00ae, Bayer) 20 mg\/kg PO, repetir en 10 d\u00edas y fenbendazol (Panacur\u00ae, Hoechst) 20 mg\/kg PO cada 24h por 5 d\u00edas antes de ser transportados. (Nota: Napa N\u00e9ctar \u2122 Plus<\/a> es una manera \u00fatil y f\u00e1cil de administrar fenbendazol a grandes colonias de h\u00e1msters). Desafortunadamente este r\u00e9gimen de tratamiento no mostr\u00f3 una diferencia significativa en comparaci\u00f3n con el grupo de control.<\/p>\n

Resumen<\/h2>\n

La "cola mojada" es un signo cl\u00ednico inespec\u00edfico que puede resultar de la enterocolitis y diarrea en h\u00e1msters. Desafortunadamente la enterocolitis es la causa m\u00e1s importante de morbilidad y mortalidad en los h\u00e1msters. La causa de enterocolitis puede ser multifactorial en h\u00e1msteres de todas las edades y puede incluir bacterias como Clostridium<\/em> spp. y Campylobacter jejuni<\/em> y par\u00e1sitos, especialmente Hymenolepis nana<\/em>. Los brotes cl\u00ednicos de diarrea en los h\u00e1msters pueden ser precipitados por el estr\u00e9s, incluyendo temperaturas o humedad alta, el hacinamiento, la desnutrici\u00f3n, cambios en la dieta, el transporte o enfermedades subyacentes, como la endoparasitosis. La prevenci\u00f3n y el tratamiento de la "cola mojada" que se centra en el uso de antimicrobianos, el buen cuidado y manejo, la cr\u00eda y sacrificio selectivo, en general han demostrado ser poco gratificantes.<\/p>\n

Agradecimiento<\/em>: Agradezco a la Dra. Lauren Richey que fue clave en el estudio referenciado (Barron et al<\/em>) y que tambi\u00e9n proporcion\u00f3 las fotograf\u00edas incluidas en este art\u00edculo.<\/p>\n

Referencias<\/h2>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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