Key Points
- Aspergillus fumigatus is a ubiquitous organism that grows best in a warm, moist environment.
- Factors that may promote the growth of Aspergillus spp. include the presence of organic debris like moist bedding, prolonged antibiotic administration, poor sanitation, poor ventilation, and endogenous steroid production secondary to stress or the administration of exogenous steroids.
- Aspergillosis most frequently causes air sacculitis and pneumonia, but almost any organ system can be affected.
- Companion bird species most frequently diagnosed with aspergillosis include African Grey, Amazon, and Pionus parrots.
- The most important fungal disease of juvenile birds is candidiasis. Candida albicans can overgrow in the oropharynx or crop leading to anorexia, oral plaques, ingluvitis, and regurgitation.
- The presence of avian gastric yeast or Macrorrhabdus ornithogaster may be incidental, or may be associated with depression, weight loss, anorexia, and regurgitation, particularly in small parrots or songbirds.
Fungi are among the most common causes of infectious disease in captive birds, and fungal diseases can be challenging to diagnose, as well as treat. Because fungi are typically opportunistic, causing non-contagious disease in susceptible individuals, prevention and treatment require an understanding of etiology as well as predisposing factors . . .
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References
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Dalhausen RD. Implications of mycoses in clinical disorders. In: Harrison GJ, Lightfoot T (eds). Clinical Avian Medicine. Palm Beach, FL. Spix Publishing, 2006. Pp. 691-700.
Flammer K. Antifungal drug update. Proc Annu Conf Assoc Avian Veterinarians 2006. Pp. 3-6.
Flammer K, Nettifee Osborne JA, Webb DJ, et al. Pharmacokinetics of voriconazole after oral administration of single and multiple doses in African grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus timneh). Am J Vet Res 69(1):114-121, 2008.
Jones MP. Update on infectious diseases in birds of prey. Western Veterinary Conference. 2004.
Langhofer B. Emerging antifungal & the use of voriconazole with amphotericin B to treat aspergillosis. Proc Annu Conf Assoc Avian Veterinarians 2004. P. 21.
Ponder JB. Aspergillosis and antifungals. Proc Annu Conf Mid-Atlantic States Assoc Avian Veterinarians. 2006. Pp. 246-248.
Scott LJ, Simpson D. Voriconazole : a review of its use in the management of invasive fungal infections. Drugs 67(2):269, 2007.
Silvanose CD, Bailey TA, Di Somma A. Susceptibility of fungi isolated from the respiratory tract of falcons to amphotericin B, itraconazole and voriconazole. Vet Rec 159(9):282, 2006.