{"id":11179,"date":"2024-01-01T20:57:24","date_gmt":"2024-01-02T02:57:24","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/lafeber.com\/staging\/vet\/?p=11179"},"modified":"2024-03-25T16:46:14","modified_gmt":"2024-03-25T21:46:14","slug":"enterocolitis-in-hamsters","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/lafeber.com\/vet\/enterocolitis-in-hamsters\/","title":{"rendered":"Enterocolitis in Hamsters"},"content":{"rendered":"

Introduction<\/h2>\n

Diarrhea is the most common presenting problem in Syrian hamsters<\/a> (Mesocricetus auratus<\/em>).2,3,5,14<\/sup> In a survey of two large American commercial breeding facilities, approximately 3% of shipped hamsters developed diarrhea.2<\/sup> Diarrhea caused by enterocolitis can occur in hamsters of any age or breed and is commonly known as \u201cwet-tail\u201d (Fig 1).2,3,14<\/sup> Clinical signs in weanlings usually include fetid diarrhea, anorexia, ruffled hair, dehydration, weight loss, and death.2,5,14<\/sup> The mortality rate is often highest in 3-10 week old hamsters, however adult hamsters may also suffer debilitating disease and death.2,3,5,14<\/sup> Potential sequelae in surviving hamsters can include intestinal obstruction, intussusception, or rectal prolapse.3,5 <\/sup><\/p>\n

\"Diarrhea<\/a>

Figure 1.<\/strong> \u201cWet-tail\u201d or diarrhea in a hamster (Mesocricetus auratus<\/em>). Photograph by Dr. Lauren Richey. Click image to enlarge.<\/em><\/p><\/div>\n

 <\/p>\n

Etiology<\/h2>\n

The cause of enterocolitis can be multifactorial in hamsters, involving bacterial and parasitic etiologic agents. A number of the pathogens documented in hamsters are also transmissible to humans<\/a>. Clinical outbreaks may be precipitated by stress, such as high temperatures or humidity, overcrowding, malnutrition, dietary changes, shipping, or underlying disease, such as endoparasitism.3<\/sup><\/p>\n

Bacteria<\/h3>\n

Historically, enterocolitis or \u201cwet-tail\u201d has been associated with proliferative ileitis caused by\u00a0Lawsonia intracellularis, <\/em>a highly fastidious, anaerobic obligate intracellular bacterium.5,9,14<\/sup> Multiple studies have confirmed that hamsters experimentally infected with L. intracellularis<\/em> can develop the clinical signs of proliferative ileitis as well as the gross and histopathological lesions of disease.3,20<\/sup> This organism infects the small intestine and less frequently the large intestine (Fig 2).9<\/sup> Malabsorption is considered the main mechanism involved in the physiopathology of diarrhea in L. intracellularis<\/em>-infected animals.14,20<\/sup><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>

Figure 2.<\/strong> Gross appearance of enterocolitis in a hamster (Mesocricetus auratus). Photograph provided by Dr. Lauren Richey. Click image to enlarge.<\/em><\/p><\/div>\n

 <\/p>\n

Despite the importance of L. intracellularis<\/em>, other bacteria that have been implicated in \u201cwet-tail” include Clostridium<\/em> spp.,\u00a0E.\u00a0coli<\/em>,\u00a0Campylobacter jejuni<\/em>, Helicobacter <\/em>spp., Salmonella<\/em>\u00a0spp., and\u00a0Pasteurella pneumotropica<\/em>.1,3,4,7,8,11,12,15-17,19<\/sup> \u00a0Campylobacter<\/em> and Clostridium<\/em> are most commonly associated with clinically significant infection.4,7,11,19<\/sup> Clostridium piliforme\u00a0<\/em>is a Gram-negative, spore-forming, obligate intracellular bacterium and the causative agent of Tyzzer\u2019s disease.<\/em>15<\/sup>\u00a0Clostridium difficile\u00a0<\/em>has also been associated with enterotoxemia, typhlitis and enteritis in hamsters (Fig 3).3<\/sup><\/p>\n

\"Tyzzer\u2019s<\/a>

Figure 3.<\/strong> Histologic appearance of Tyzzer\u2019s disease in a hamster (Mesocricetus auratus<\/em>). Photograph provided by Dr. Lauren Richey. Click image to enlarge.<\/em><\/p><\/div>\n

<\/h3>\n

Parasites<\/h3>\n

Concurrent mild to severe infestation of the tapeworm, Hymenolepis nana<\/em>, is very common in hamsters with bacterial enterocolitis (Fig 4). As the degree of disease and debilitation increases, so does the tapeworm burden and in some individuals, the tapeworm load is high enough to nearly obstruct the intestines.3<\/sup> The protozoa Giardia muris<\/em>, Entamoeba histolytica<\/em>,\u00a0Spironucleus muris<\/em>, Cryptosporidium spp., and trichomonads are also variably found in individuals with enterocolitis.3,10,18<\/sup><\/p>\n

\"Gross<\/a>

Figure 4.<\/strong> Gross appearance of the tapeworm, Hymenolepsis nana<\/em>, from a hamster (Mesocricetus auratus<\/em>). Photograph provided by Dr. Lauren Richey. Click image to enlarge.<\/em><\/p><\/div>\n

 <\/p>\n

Management<\/h2>\n

Prevention and treatment of \u201cwet\u2019-tail\u201d has historically centered around antimicrobial therapy, husbandry practices, selective breeding, and culling. Unfortunately treatment is rarely rewarding because of the intracellular nature of L. intracellulare<\/em> and C. piliforme<\/em>.13<\/sup><\/p>\n

Clostridial bacterial spores are quite stable and can remain infectious for 1 to 2 years. Therefore when Clostridium is been identified as the causative agent, Control of enterocolitis in a commercial breeding facility would ideally involve depopulation, rigorous disinfection, and repopulation with C. piliforme<\/em>-free breeding stock.<\/p>\n

Care of the individual patient relies upon antibiotic therapy and aggressive supportive care, including fluid therapy and nutritional support.2,14<\/sup> Begin oral antibiotics, such as sulfa-trimethoprim (30 mg\/kg per os every 12 hours for 5-7 days), tetracycline (400 mg\/L of drinking water for 10 days or 10 mg\/kg PO q12 hours for 5\u20137 days), or enrofloxacin (5-10 mg\/kg PO or IM q 12 hours for 5\u20137 days).2,14<\/sup> If diarrhea persists, add bismuth subsalicylate as a form of symptomatic treatment.14 <\/sup><\/p>\n

Theorizing that high worm burdens make the gut more vulnerable to bacterial infection, Barron\u00a0et al<\/em>\u00a0also treated weanling hamsters with praziquantel (20 mg\/kg PO, repeat in 10d) and fenbendazole (20 mg\/kg PO q24h x 5d) prior to shipping.2<\/sup> Unfortunately this treatment regimen made no significant difference when compared to control animals.2<\/sup><\/p>\n

Note:<\/em>\u00a0Napa Nectar\u2122 Plus<\/a> is a useful and easy way to administer fenbendazole to large hamster colonies.2<\/sup><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

 <\/p>\n

Diagnosis<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Definitive diagnosis often depends on necropsy and histologic examination. Infection is characterized by marked thickening of the ileal wall with excessive epithelial hyperplasia, necrosis, and inflammation.3,5,9<\/sup> Peritonitis is also possible.5<\/sup> The presence of L. intracellularis<\/em> can also be confirmed by immunohistochemistry of intestinal lesions or fecal polymerase chain reaction \u00a0assays.6,14,21<\/sup><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Summary<\/h2>\n

\u201cWet-tail\u201d is a non-specific clinical sign that can result from enterocolitis and resultant diarrhea in pet hamsters. Unfortunately enterocolitis is the most important cause of morbidity and mortality in hamsters. The causative agent is often Lawsonia intracellularis,<\/em> however the development of enterocolitis may be multifactorial in hamsters of all ages and may include other bacteria, such as Clostridium<\/em>\u00a0spp. and\u00a0Campylobacter jejuni,<\/em> and parasites, particularly\u00a0Hymenolepis nana<\/em>. Clinical outbreaks of diarrhea in hamsters may be precipitated by stress, including high temperatures or humidity, overcrowding, malnutrition, dietary changes, shipping, or underlying diseases, such as endoparasitism. Prevention and treatment of \u201cwet\u2019-tail\u201d, which centers around the use of antimicrobials, husbandry practices, selective breeding, and culling, have generally proved unrewarding.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Acknowledgement<\/em>:\u00a0\u00a0 I thank Dr. Lauren Richey who was instrumental in the study referenced below (Barron et al<\/em>) and who also provided the photographs provided above.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

References<\/h2>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Diarrhea is the most common problem in pet hamsters. In a survey of two large American commercial breeding facilities, approximately 3% of shipped hamsters develop diarrhea. Diarrhea caused by enterocolitis can occur in hamsters of any age or breed and is commonly known as \u201cwet-tail\u201d. Clinical signs in weanlings usually include diarrhea, anorexia, ruffled hair, dehydration, weight loss, and death. The mortality rate is often highest in… <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"featured_media":4205,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[1369,1026,1189,220,1188],"class_list":["post-11179","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized","tag-clostridium","tag-diarrhea","tag-hymenolepis","tag-stress","tag-tapeworm","content_types-article","topics-gastroenterology","topics-infectious-disease","topics-zoonotic-concerns-public-health","procedures-diagnostics","procedures-therapeutics","species-hamster","species-mammals","species-rodent","channel-emergency-medicine","contributor-barron"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nEnterocolitis in Hamsters - LafeberVet<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Diarrhea is the most common problem in pet hamsters. 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