{"id":24,"date":"2012-01-09T15:17:28","date_gmt":"2012-01-09T15:17:28","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/lafeber.com\/staging\/vet\/?p=24"},"modified":"2016-03-05T04:47:04","modified_gmt":"2016-03-05T04:47:04","slug":"basic-information-sheet-for-the-parakeet","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/lafeber.com\/vet\/basic-information-sheet-for-the-parakeet\/","title":{"rendered":"Basic Information Sheet:  Parakeet"},"content":{"rendered":"<h1>Parakeet<\/h1>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/lafeber.com\/vet\/wp-content\/uploads\/parakeet-budgerigar-blue.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1823\" src=\"https:\/\/lafeber.com\/vet\/wp-content\/uploads\/parakeet-budgerigar-blue.jpg\" alt=\"Parakeet\" width=\"700\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https:\/\/lafeber.com\/vet\/wp-content\/uploads\/parakeet-budgerigar-blue.jpg 700w, https:\/\/lafeber.com\/vet\/wp-content\/uploads\/parakeet-budgerigar-blue-500x305.jpg 500w, https:\/\/lafeber.com\/vet\/wp-content\/uploads\/parakeet-budgerigar-blue-400x244.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<div class=\"ezcol ezcol-one-third\"><\/p>\n<h2>Species<\/h2>\n<p><\/div><br \/>\n<div class=\"ezcol ezcol-two-third ezcol-last\"><br \/>\n\u201cParakeet\u201d is a broad term for a small parrot with a long tail. There are many parakeet species, however the most popular pet parakeet is the budgerigar parakeet or \u201cbudgie\u201d. Free-ranging \u201cbudgies\u201d live in large flocks in a variety of habitats such as woodlands, open grassland, and dry scrub throughout non-coastal Australia and Tasmania. Another popular species is Bourke\u2019s parakeet, which is from the southern and eastern regions of Australia.<br \/>\n<\/div><div class=\"ezcol-divider\"><\/div><br \/>\n<div class=\"ezcol ezcol-one-third\"><\/p>\n<h2>Taxonomy<\/h2>\n<p><\/div><br \/>\n<div class=\"ezcol ezcol-two-third ezcol-last\"><br \/>\n<strong>Class<\/strong>: <em>Aves<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>Order<\/strong>: <em>Psittaciformes<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60px;\"><strong>Family<\/strong>: <em>Psittacidae<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 90px;\"><em>Melopsittacus undulates<\/em> \u2013 budgerigar parakeet or \u201cbudgie\u201d<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 90px;\"><em>Neopsephotus bourkii<\/em> \u2013 Bourke\u2019s parakeet<\/p>\n<p><\/div><div class=\"ezcol-divider\"><\/div><\/p>\n<div class=\"ezcol ezcol-one-third\">\n<h2>Conservation status<\/h2>\n<p><\/div><br \/>\n<div class=\"ezcol ezcol-two-third ezcol-last\"><br \/>\nBourke\u2019s parakeet is on CITES Appendix II, which means they are not necessarily threatened with extinction, but may become so unless their trade is strictly regulated.<\/p>\n<p>Six parakeet species are listed on Appendix I: blue-chested, Forbes\u2019s, golden, horned, Mauritius, and red-fronted parakeets. Appendix I species are threatened with extinction, and commercial trade is prohibited and importation\/exportation for scientific research requires special permits. The International Union for Conservation of Nature lists the budgerigar parakeet\u2019s conservation status of \u201cleast concern\u201d.<br \/>\n<\/div><div class=\"ezcol-divider\"><\/div><br \/>\n<div class=\"ezcol ezcol-one-third\"><\/p>\n<h2>Physical description<\/h2>\n<p><\/div><br \/>\n<div class=\"ezcol ezcol-two-third ezcol-last\"><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The standard or wild-type budgerigar parakeet has yellow feathers barred with black on the back of its heads and body with plain yellow feathers on the forehead and throat. A row of black dots sit across the throat and greenish-yellow feathers are found on the underside.<\/li>\n<li>The two basic types of pet budgerigar parakeet are the English \u201cbudgie\u201d, a show bird with a bigger head and chest, and the American \u201cbudgie\u201d a more active bird with a shorter tail.<\/li>\n<li>Numerous mutant color varieties have been bred into the captive population.<\/li>\n<li>Budgerigar parakeets are sexually dimorphic. The cere may be blue in males, pink or brown in females, and pearlescent in juveniles.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/div><div class=\"ezcol-divider\"><\/div><br \/>\n<div class=\"ezcol ezcol-one-third\"><\/p>\n<h2>Diet<\/h2>\n<p><\/div><br \/>\n<div class=\"ezcol ezcol-two-third ezcol-last\"><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Budgerigar parakeets are granivores. Free-ranging birds are ground feeders foraging for grass seeds and chenopod seeds. Budgies have also been reported to eat grain crops.<\/li>\n<li>Since psittacine birds hull <a title=\"Seeds Commonly Fed to Companion Birds\" href=\"https:\/\/lafeber.com\/vet\/seeds\/\">seeds<\/a> before ingestion, they do not require grit. In fact, some individuals will overeat grit when ill putting the bird at risk for impaction.<\/li>\n<li>All-seed diets are deficient in protein, vitamins, and minerals including calcium and vitamin A.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/div><div class=\"ezcol-divider\"><\/div><br \/>\n<div class=\"ezcol ezcol-one-third\"><\/p>\n<h2>Husbandry<\/h2>\n<p><\/div><br \/>\n<div class=\"ezcol ezcol-two-third ezcol-last\"><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Provide a cage that is a minimum of 18 in (46 cm) wide and long. Cage length is more important than height.<\/li>\n<li>Cage bar spacing should be approximately 3\/8 in (0.95 cm).<\/li>\n<li><a title=\"Client Education Material\" href=\"https:\/\/lafeber.com\/vet\/content_types\/client-education-handout\/\" target=\"_blank\">Perch<\/a> diameter should be between 3\/8 to 3\/4 in (0.95-1.9 cm). Sand paper perch covers are very abrasive to the feet, and are not recommended.<\/li>\n<li>Consider housing in pairs or groups.<\/li>\n<li>Offer regular baths or misting with water to maintain healthy plumage.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/div><div class=\"ezcol-divider\"><\/div><br \/>\n<div class=\"ezcol ezcol-one-third\"><\/p>\n<h2>Behavior<\/h2>\n<p><\/div><br \/>\n<div class=\"ezcol ezcol-two-third ezcol-last\"><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The English budgerigar parakeet may be slightly more docile than the American.<\/li>\n<li>Parakeets are social and can become hand-tamed.<\/li>\n<li>Parakeets are great whistlers and learn to mimic sounds and words.<\/li>\n<li><a title=\"Fascinating Facts on Foraging and Enrichment\" href=\"https:\/\/lafeber.com\/vet\/fascinating-facts-on-foraging-and-enrichment\/\">Foraging<\/a> is an important part of normal daily parrot activity. Teach and encourage pet birds to play and forage.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/div><div class=\"ezcol-divider\"><\/div><br \/>\n<div class=\"ezcol ezcol-one-third\"><\/p>\n<h2>Normal physiologic values<\/h2>\n<p><\/div><br \/>\n<div class=\"ezcol ezcol-two-third ezcol-last\"><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"297\">Temperature (average)*<\/td>\n<td width=\"87\">41.8 C<\/td>\n<td width=\"10\">107.1 F<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Resting heart rate (beats\/min)<\/td>\n<td>Approximately 274<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Respiration (breaths\/min)<\/td>\n<td>60-75<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Body weight (g)<\/td>\n<td>25-35<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Mean life span (years)<\/td>\n<td>7-15<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Mean number of incubation days<\/td>\n<td>18<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Average number of eggs laid<\/td>\n<td>4-6<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Target environmental temperature<\/td>\n<td>Mimic natural environment.<\/td>\n<td>Household temperatures of 70-80\u00b0F (21-27\u00b0C) are generally acceptable, however healthy birds can tolerate hot and cold temperatures.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"3\">* Routine avian exam does not include measuring body temperature<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><\/div><div class=\"ezcol-divider\"><\/div><br \/>\n<div class=\"ezcol ezcol-one-third\"><\/p>\n<h2>Anatomy and physiology<\/h2>\n<p><\/div><br \/>\n<div class=\"ezcol ezcol-two-third ezcol-last\"><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The \u201cbudgie\u201d heart rate is 7 times faster than in humans.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/lafeber.com\/vet\/avian-medicine\/\">Anatomic traits<\/a> of Order Psittaciformes include:\n<ul>\n<li>Communication of the right and left nasal sinus<\/li>\n<li>The only avian tongue with intrinsic muscles<\/li>\n<li>Simply syrinx<\/li>\n<li>Craniofacial hinge of beak is a synovial joint<\/li>\n<li>Ceca absent<\/li>\n<li>Gall bladder often absent<\/li>\n<li>Zygodactyl foot: two toes pointed backward and two pointed forward<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/div><div class=\"ezcol-divider\"><\/div><br \/>\n<div class=\"ezcol ezcol-one-third\"><\/p>\n<h2>Restraint<\/h2>\n<p><\/div><br \/>\n<div class=\"ezcol ezcol-two-third ezcol-last\"><br \/>\nBudgies may be <a title=\"Parrot Handling\" href=\"https:\/\/lafeber.com\/vet\/parrot-handling\/\">restrained<\/a> by holding the head between index and middle fingers. Support the body with the palm of the hand as well as the thumb and little finger.<br \/>\n<\/div><div class=\"ezcol-divider\"><\/div><br \/>\n<div class=\"ezcol ezcol-one-third\"><\/p>\n<h2>Venipuncture<\/h2>\n<p><\/div><br \/>\n<div class=\"ezcol ezcol-two-third ezcol-last\"><br \/>\nUse a 27-gauge needle and 1 to 3-mL syringe to <a title=\"Venipuncture in Birds\" href=\"https:\/\/lafeber.com\/vet\/venipuncture\/\">draw blood<\/a> from the right jugular vein. Collection of up to 1% of body weight is acceptable in healthy patients.<br \/>\n<\/div><div class=\"ezcol-divider\"><\/div><br \/>\n<div class=\"ezcol ezcol-one-third\"><\/p>\n<h2>Preventive medicine<\/h2>\n<p><\/div><br \/>\n<div class=\"ezcol ezcol-two-third ezcol-last\"><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Obtain a complete history and perform a thorough annual <a title=\"Avian Physical Examination: The Basics\" href=\"https:\/\/lafeber.com\/vet\/physical-examination-of-the-avian-patient\/\">physical examination<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Establish baseline data with regular clinical testing (<a title=\"Avian Hematology\" href=\"https:\/\/lafeber.com\/vet\/avian-hematology\/\">complete blood count<\/a>, <a title=\"Protein Electrophoresis in Avian Patients\" href=\"https:\/\/lafeber.com\/vet\/protein-electrophoresis-in-avian-patients\/\">protein electrophoresis<\/a>, and <a title=\"Avian Biochemistry Panels\" href=\"https:\/\/lafeber.com\/vet\/avian-hematology\/\">plasma biochemistries<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Ensure proper <a href=\"https:\/\/lafeber.com\/vet\/avian-nutrition-glossary\/\">nutrition<\/a> and <a title=\"Client Education Material\" href=\"http:\/\/www.lafebervet.com\/client-education\/#caging\">husbandry<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Recommend <a title=\"Client Education Material\" href=\"https:\/\/lafeber.com\/vet\/avicultural-medicine-quarantine-protocols\/\">quarantine<\/a> of newly acquired birds.<\/li>\n<li>Perform additional testing for select diseases based on history and physical exam findings: avian polyoma virus, <a title=\"Psittacosis in Avian Patients\" href=\"https:\/\/lafeber.com\/vet\/avian-chlamydiosis\/\">psittacosis<\/a>, M. ornithogaster (fecal wet mount).<\/li>\n<li>Determine the origin and history of newly acquired sick birds to contain and prevent further spread of disease.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/div><div class=\"ezcol-divider\"><\/div><br \/>\n<div class=\"ezcol ezcol-one-third\"><\/p>\n<h2>Injections<\/h2>\n<p><\/div><br \/>\n<div class=\"ezcol ezcol-two-third ezcol-last\"><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><a title=\"Intramuscular Injections in Birds\" href=\"https:\/\/lafeber.com\/vet\/intramuscular-injections-in-birds\/\">Intramuscular<\/a> (IM)<\/td>\n<td>Reasonably safe, most accurate.Inject middle of muscle mass.<\/td>\n<td>Ideal location \u2013Pectoral muscle mass<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a title=\"Administration of Medication in Birds: Injections\" href=\"https:\/\/lafeber.com\/vet\/injections\/\">Subcutaneous<\/a> (SQ)<\/td>\n<td>Large volumes can be injected, poor absorption.<\/td>\n<td>Location:\u00a0 Inguinal or precrural fold<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a title=\"Administration of Medication in Birds: Injections\" href=\"https:\/\/lafeber.com\/vet\/injections\/\">Intravenous<\/a><\/td>\n<td>Effective, narrow safety range.<\/td>\n<td>Right jugular vein or brachial vein is most commonly used. Alternative option: superficial metatarsal vein.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><\/div><div class=\"ezcol-divider\"><\/div><br \/>\n<div class=\"ezcol ezcol-one-third\"><\/p>\n<h2>Important medical conditions<\/h2>\n<p><\/div><br \/>\n<div class=\"ezcol ezcol-two-third ezcol-last\"><br \/>\n<strong>Non-Infectious Diseases<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Obesity and fatty tumors<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/lafeber.com\/vet\/avian-nutrition-glossary\/#goiter\">Goiter<\/a><\/li>\n<li><strong>Neoplasia<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Renal<\/li>\n<li>Gonadal<\/li>\n<li>Pituitary<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><a title=\"Reproductive Emergencies in Birds\" href=\"https:\/\/lafeber.com\/vet\/reproductive-emergencies\/\">Reproductive problem<\/a> such as chronic egg laying and yolk peritonitis<\/li>\n<li>Xanthomatosis<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Infectious Diseases<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Trichomoniasis<\/li>\n<li><a title=\"Avian Polyomavirus Primer\" href=\"https:\/\/lafeber.com\/vet\/avian-polyomavirus-primer\/\">Avian polyomavirus<\/a> or \u201cBudgerigar fledgling disease\u201d<\/li>\n<li>Knemidokotpes (\u201cScaly face and leg\u201d) mites<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/div><div class=\"ezcol-divider\"><\/div><\/p>\n<p>**<em>Login to view references<\/em>**<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"ref\">References<\/h2>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u201cParakeet\u201d is a broad term for a small parrot with a long tail. There are many parakeet species, however the most popular pet parakeet is the budgerigar parakeet or \u201cbudgie\u201d. Free-ranging \u201cbudgies\u201d live in large flocks in a variety of habitats such as woodlands, open grassland, and dry scrub throughout non-coastal Australia and Tasmania. Another popular species is Bourke\u2019s parakeet, which is from the southern and eastern regions of Australia.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":770,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[729,1403,389,702],"class_list":["post-24","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized","tag-budgerigar","tag-granivore","tag-natural-history","tag-species-taxonomy","content_types-information-sheet","topics-anatomy-physiology","topics-behavior","topics-husbandry","topics-nutrition","topics-preventive-medicine","species-parakeet","species-parrot","channel-resources-education","contributor-pollock"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Basic Information Sheet: Parakeet - LafeberVet<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u201cParakeet\u201d is a broad term for a small parrot with a long tail. There are many parakeet species, however the most popular pet parakeet is the budgerigar parakeet or \u201cbudgie\u201d. Free-ranging \u201cbudgies\u201d live in large flocks in a variety of habitats such as woodlands, open grassland, and dry scrub throughout non-coastal Australia and Tasmania. Another popular species is Bourke\u2019s parakeet, which is from the southern and eastern regions of Australia.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/lafeber.com\/vet\/basic-information-sheet-for-the-parakeet\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Basic Information Sheet: Parakeet - LafeberVet\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u201cParakeet\u201d is a broad term for a small parrot with a long tail. There are many parakeet species, however the most popular pet parakeet is the budgerigar parakeet or \u201cbudgie\u201d. Free-ranging \u201cbudgies\u201d live in large flocks in a variety of habitats such as woodlands, open grassland, and dry scrub throughout non-coastal Australia and Tasmania. Another popular species is Bourke\u2019s parakeet, which is from the southern and eastern regions of Australia.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/lafeber.com\/vet\/basic-information-sheet-for-the-parakeet\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"LafeberVet\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2012-01-09T15:17:28+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2016-03-05T04:47:04+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/lafeber.com\/vet\/wp-content\/uploads\/Parakeet-Budgerigar-sq.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"400\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"400\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Christal Pollock, DVM, DABVP (Avian Practice)\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Christal Pollock, DVM, DABVP (Avian Practice)\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"5 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/lafeber.com\\\/vet\\\/basic-information-sheet-for-the-parakeet\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/lafeber.com\\\/vet\\\/basic-information-sheet-for-the-parakeet\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Christal Pollock, DVM, DABVP (Avian Practice)\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/lafeber.com\\\/vet\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/c81ad95bd36f6c15774985ab6dc5d274\"},\"headline\":\"Basic Information Sheet: Parakeet\",\"datePublished\":\"2012-01-09T15:17:28+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2016-03-05T04:47:04+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/lafeber.com\\\/vet\\\/basic-information-sheet-for-the-parakeet\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":985,\"commentCount\":0,\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/lafeber.com\\\/vet\\\/basic-information-sheet-for-the-parakeet\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/lafeber.com\\\/vet\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/Parakeet-Budgerigar-sq.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"budgerigar\",\"granivore\",\"natural history\",\"taxonomy\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/lafeber.com\\\/vet\\\/basic-information-sheet-for-the-parakeet\\\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/lafeber.com\\\/vet\\\/basic-information-sheet-for-the-parakeet\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/lafeber.com\\\/vet\\\/basic-information-sheet-for-the-parakeet\\\/\",\"name\":\"Basic Information Sheet: Parakeet - LafeberVet\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/lafeber.com\\\/vet\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/lafeber.com\\\/vet\\\/basic-information-sheet-for-the-parakeet\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/lafeber.com\\\/vet\\\/basic-information-sheet-for-the-parakeet\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/lafeber.com\\\/vet\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/Parakeet-Budgerigar-sq.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2012-01-09T15:17:28+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2016-03-05T04:47:04+00:00\",\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/lafeber.com\\\/vet\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/c81ad95bd36f6c15774985ab6dc5d274\"},\"description\":\"\u201cParakeet\u201d is a broad term for a small parrot with a long tail. There are many parakeet species, however the most popular pet parakeet is the budgerigar parakeet or \u201cbudgie\u201d. Free-ranging \u201cbudgies\u201d live in large flocks in a variety of habitats such as woodlands, open grassland, and dry scrub throughout non-coastal Australia and Tasmania. 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