{"id":5290,"date":"2014-10-17T02:43:56","date_gmt":"2014-10-17T07:43:56","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/lafeber.com\/staging\/vet\/?p=5290"},"modified":"2023-09-17T13:33:48","modified_gmt":"2023-09-17T18:33:48","slug":"estimating-energy-requirements","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/lafeber.com\/vet\/estimating-energy-requirements\/","title":{"rendered":"Estimating Energy Requirements"},"content":{"rendered":"

Introduction<\/h2>\n

Exotic animal veterinarians are well aware of the differences between energy expenditure in small and large species. Larger animals use more energy overall, however when energy expenditure is divided by body weight (kcal\/kg\/day), large animals use relatively less energy than small animals (Fascetti 2012) (Fig 1).<\/p>\n

\"Ostrich<\/a>

Figure 1. <\/strong>Proportionally the energy requirements of a large species like the ostrich (Struthio camelus<\/em>) (left) (Photo by S. Nygaard) are much lower than that of a tiny species like the marsh wren (Cistothorus palustris<\/em>) (right) (Photo by USFWS)<\/small><\/p><\/div>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Basal metabolic rate<\/h2>\n

Definition<\/h4>\n

The basal metabolic rate or BMR, also known as basal energy expenditure or basal energy requirement (BER), is defined as the amount energy expended by a healthy animal under thermoneutral conditions 12 hours after a meal. The animal is conscious but not exercising.<\/p>\n

Practical applications<\/h4>\n

The basal metabolic rate applies primarily to human nutrition because the conditions needed to measure BMR are so stringent that it is virtually impossible to do so in animals.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

Resting energy rate<\/h2>\n

Definition<\/h3>\n

The resting energy rate\u00a0 (RER) or resting metabolic rate is defined as the number of calories required for an animal to maintain homeostasis while resting quietly. The resting metabolic rate is similar to BMR but includes energy expended for recovery from physical activity and feeding.<\/p>\n

Practical applications<\/h3>\n

The RER is a parameter commonly used in animal nutrition.<\/p>\n

There are multiple ways to calculate RER, but each method is based on the following equation in which a pre-determined K value is multiplied by body weight in kilograms: K (Wkg)0.75<\/sup> = kcal\/day<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

In dogs and cats, one method is based on body weight (Table 1).<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
Table 1. Formulae used to calculate resting energy requirements in dogs and cats based on body weight<\/strong><\/caption>\n
Body weight<\/b><\/td>\nFormulas used to calculate recommended kcal\/day<\/b><\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
< 2 kg<\/td>\n70 (BWkg<\/sub>)0.75<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2-45 kg<\/td>\n30 (BWkg<\/sub>) + 70<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Faster metabolic rates translate into higher K factors for exotic animal patients (Table 2 2).<\/p>\n

BER = K (Wkg)0.75<\/sup> = kcal\/day<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Table 2. K values used in select birds <\/strong><\/caption>\n
Taxonomic group<\/b><\/td>\nK value<\/b><\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Psittacine birds<\/td>\n175<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Passerine birds<\/td>\n175<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Aquatic non-passerine birds<\/td>\n150<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Terrestrial non-passerine birds<\/td>\n125<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Alternatively, RER can also be calculated as 1.25 x BER<\/b>. Traditionally RER was then multiplied by an \u201cillness factor\u201d between 1.0 and 1.5 to account for increases in metabolism associated with different conditions and injuries however this practice has fallen out of favor (see overfeeding below). HOWEVER<\/b> current recommendations place much less emphasis on these subjective \u201cillness factors\u201d. Instead RER is used as an initial estimate or starting point of a critically ill animal\u2019s energy requirements. The patient\u2019s response is then monitored closely, and adjustments in nutritional support are made as needed.<\/p>\n

Overfeeding<\/h3>\n

Use of \u201cillness factors\u201d (see above<\/em>) put the patient at risk for overfeeding. Potential sequelae to overfeeding include vomiting, diarrhea, cramping, nausea, electrolyte disturbances, hyperglycemia, hepatic dysfunction, and even respiratory distress.<\/p>\n

Consequences of overfeeding<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \n
  • Vomiting, diarrhea, cramping, nausea<\/li>\n
  • Electrolyte disturbances<\/li>\n
  • Hyperglycemia<\/li>\n
  • Hepatic dysfunction<\/li>\n
  • Dyspnea<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

     <\/p>\n

    Maintenance energy requirement<\/h2>\n

    The maintenance energy requirement is defined as the energy required for a moderately active adult in a thermoneutral environment. This includes the amount of energy needed to maintain an animal at its current weight and body condition.<\/p>\n

    Activities such as flying and swimming require large amounts of energy. These activities generally burn up five to ten times the energy of BER.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    Caloric content of select diets<\/h2>\n

    There are a number of reputable products available for enteral feeding of exotic animal patients (Box 3).<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    Box 3. Caloric content of select diets<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
    Manufacturer<\/strong><\/td>\nProduct<\/strong><\/td>\nkcal per gram<\/strong><\/td>\nkcal per ml<\/strong>*<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n
    EmerAid LLC<\/td>\nEmerAid Intensive Care Carnivore<\/a><\/td>\n4.98<\/td>\n1.60<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    EmerAid LLC<\/td>\nEmerAid IC Herbivore<\/a><\/td>\n2.95<\/td>\n1.32<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    EmerAid LLC<\/td>\nEmerAid Sustain Herbivore<\/a><\/td>\n3.04<\/td>\n1.00<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Emeraid LLC<\/td>\nEmerAid IC Omnivore<\/a><\/td>\n4.09<\/td>\n1.86<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Harrison\u2019s Bird Foods<\/td>\nRecovery Formula<\/td>\n3.92<\/td>\nn\/a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Kaytee Exact<\/td>\nHand-Feeding Formula<\/td>\n3.840<\/td>\nn\/a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Kaytee Exact<\/td>\nMacaw Hand-Feeding Formula<\/td>\n3.980<\/td>\nn\/a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Roudybush<\/td>\nFormula AA<\/td>\n3.450<\/td>\nn\/a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n
    Kilocalories (kcal) milliliters (ml) information not available (n\/a).
    \n*When prepared as directed.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tfoot>\n<\/table>\n

     <\/p>\n

    References<\/h2>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Exotic animal veterinarians are well aware of the differences between energy expenditure in small and large species. Larger animals use more energy overall, however when energy expenditure is divided by body weight (kcal\/kg\/day), large animals use relatively less energy than small animals<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":5293,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[671,670,672,559],"class_list":["post-5290","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized","tag-calories","tag-energy","tag-metabolism","tag-recovery","content_types-article","topics-critical-care","topics-nutrition","procedures-emeraid-use","procedures-supportive-care-therapeutics","procedures-therapeutics","species-avian","contributor-pollock"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nEstimating Energy Requirements - LafeberVet<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Exotic animal veterinarians are well aware of the differences between energy expenditure in small and large species. 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