{"id":54785,"date":"2021-03-25T13:53:30","date_gmt":"2021-03-25T18:53:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/lafeber.com\/vet\/?p=54785"},"modified":"2025-05-20T16:18:45","modified_gmt":"2025-05-20T21:18:45","slug":"basic-information-sheet-axolotl","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/lafeber.com\/vet\/basic-information-sheet-axolotl\/","title":{"rendered":"Basic Information Sheet:  Axolotl"},"content":{"rendered":"<h1>Axolotl (<em>Ambystoma mexicanum<\/em>)<\/h1>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/lafeber.com\/vet\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Axolotl1-OShea-cropped2-width-800-labeled.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-54846 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/lafeber.com\/vet\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Axolotl1-OShea-cropped2-width-800-labeled.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"393\" srcset=\"https:\/\/lafeber.com\/vet\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Axolotl1-OShea-cropped2-width-800-labeled.png 800w, https:\/\/lafeber.com\/vet\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Axolotl1-OShea-cropped2-width-800-labeled-400x197.png 400w, https:\/\/lafeber.com\/vet\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Axolotl1-OShea-cropped2-width-800-labeled-768x377.png 768w, https:\/\/lafeber.com\/vet\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Axolotl1-OShea-cropped2-width-800-labeled-500x246.png 500w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<div class=\"ezcol ezcol-one-third\"><\/p>\n<h2>Natural history<\/h2>\n<p><\/div><br \/>\n<div class=\"ezcol ezcol-two-third ezcol-last\"><br \/>\nNative to Lake Xochimilco, its canal systems, and a few neighboring waterways of Mexico City, the axolotl is a neotenic amphibian species closely related to the tiger salamander (<em>Ambystoma tigrinum<\/em>). Unlike its relative, the axolotl rarely matures to a terrestrial-adapted animal, instead maintaining many of its larval attributes into adulthood, such as external gills and a paddle-like fin lining the dorsum and tail.<\/p>\n<p><\/div><div class=\"ezcol-divider\"><\/div><br \/>\n<div class=\"ezcol ezcol-one-third\"><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2>Conservation status<\/h2>\n<p><\/div><br \/>\n<div class=\"ezcol ezcol-two-third ezcol-last\"><\/p>\n<p>Growth and development of Mexico City has led to a diminishing ecosystem suitable for this species to thrive. Coupled with its appearance in the pet trade and local cuisine, this species has been listed as critically endangered. The majority of specimens found in the pet trade are considered to be captive-raised stock as this species settles well in captivity and is known to breed successfully when given appropriate conditions.<\/p>\n<p><\/div><div class=\"ezcol-divider\"><\/div><br \/>\n<div class=\"ezcol ezcol-one-third\"><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2>Taxonomy<\/h2>\n<p><\/div><br \/>\n<div class=\"ezcol ezcol-two-third ezcol-last\"><br \/>\n<strong>Class<\/strong>: <em> Amphibia <\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>Order<\/strong>: <em> Caudata<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 90px;\"><strong>Family<\/strong>: Ambystomatidae (salamanders)<\/p>\n<p><\/div><div class=\"ezcol-divider\"><\/div><br \/>\n<div class=\"ezcol ezcol-one-third\"><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2>Pronunciation<\/h2>\n<p><\/div><br \/>\n<div class=\"ezcol ezcol-two-third ezcol-last\"><br \/>\nJust in case you were wondering&#8230;<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"How To Pronounce Axolotl\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/xZS6FAscZoc?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><br \/>\n<\/div><div class=\"ezcol-divider\"><\/div><br \/>\n<div class=\"ezcol ezcol-one-third\"><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2>Physical description<\/h2>\n<p><\/div><br \/>\n<div class=\"ezcol ezcol-two-third ezcol-last\"><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Color<\/strong><\/td>\n<td colspan=\"3\">Natural colored specimens are a black to mottled brown color. Selective breeding in captivity has led to a few additional color variations in this species, including melanistic, leucistic, and albino animals. The introduction of transgenesis in this species has also led to a green fluorescent protein (GFP) line of animals, in which a specimen with this protein will produce a green glow over the entirety of its body when exposed to ultraviolet lighting. This change is much more prominent in leucistic and albino animals.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Size<\/strong><\/td>\n<td colspan=\"3\">Axolotls are considered large salamanders with some individuals reportedly reaching total lengths of 30-40 cm (12-15 in), although most specimens reach a total length of 23-25 cm (9-10 in). Females are larger than males and can weigh up to 300 grams. The average female will weigh 180 grams while males on average are 130 grams (Gresens 2004).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Sexual dimorphism<\/strong><\/td>\n<td colspan=\"3\">Mature males will have black nails and a cloacal bulge while mature females will not. Sexual maturity occurs at 12-18 months for females and 10 months for males.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><\/div><div class=\"ezcol-divider\"><\/div><br \/>\n<div class=\"ezcol ezcol-one-third\"><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2>Diet<\/h2>\n<p><\/div><br \/>\n<div class=\"ezcol ezcol-two-third ezcol-last\"><br \/>\nThis species is carnivorous and favors a diet of mollusks, worms, insect larvae, crustaceans, and small fish. Some common food items in captivity include blood worms, blackworms, portions of earthworms (nighcrawlers)*, brine shrimp, tubifex worms, small feeder fish, and salmon pellets. Axolotls should be fed a varied and balanced diet.<\/p>\n<p>Young animals should be offered food daily, while adults can be offered food two to three times per week. Obesity is a problem for this species, therefore attention must be given to the volume and frequency of feedings. Uneaten food should be removed from the aquarium to avoid pollution.<\/p>\n<p><em>*CAUTION<\/em>:\u00a0 There is a report describing stomach perforation and morbidity in two tiger salamanders (<em>Ambystoma tigrinum<\/em>) after consumption of a whole live nightcrawler (<em>Lumbricus terrestris<\/em>). It is therefore prudent to feed portions rather than whole earthworms to salamanders (Henson-Ramsey 2008).<br \/>\n<\/div><div class=\"ezcol-divider\"><\/div><br \/>\n<div class=\"ezcol ezcol-one-third\"><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2>Husbandry<\/h2>\n<p><\/div><br \/>\n<div class=\"ezcol ezcol-two-third ezcol-last\"><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Water quality<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>pH<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"2\">7.4-7.6 preferred, 6.5-8.0 acceptable<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Chlorine\/ chloramine<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"2\">0 ppm<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Ammonia<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"2\">0 ppm<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Nitrite<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"2\">0 ppm<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Nitrate<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"2\">&lt;10 ppm preferred; prolonged, higher levels can lead to ophthalmic problems<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Temperature<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"2\">15.6-17.8\u00b0C (60-64\u00b0F preferred),<\/p>\n<p>&lt;24\u00b0C (75\u00b0F) necessary<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Aquarium size<\/strong><\/td>\n<td colspan=\"3\">Juvenile: 38 L (10 gallons)<br \/>\nMature adult: 78+ L (20+ gallons)<br \/>\nLarger aquariums maintain stable water quality parameters longer than smaller aquariums, so bigger is always better<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Water flow<\/strong><\/td>\n<td colspan=\"3\">Minimal, excessive flow can cause stress in this species<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Filtration<\/strong><\/td>\n<td colspan=\"3\">Good mechanical filtration recommended to remove detritus introduced between water changes; use of a spray bar to dissipate current is recommended to prevent stressing animal(s). <em>Visit the client education handout &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/lafeber.com\/vet\/care-of-the-axolotl\/\">Care of the Axolotl<\/a>&#8221; for additional information<\/em>.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Water changes<\/strong><\/td>\n<td colspan=\"3\">30% of total water volume weekly<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Lighting<\/strong><\/td>\n<td colspan=\"3\">Minimal, excessive light can cause stress on this species<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Substrate<\/strong><\/td>\n<td colspan=\"3\">Fine aquarium sand: provides a textured surface for the animal to move along or rest while being less likely to cause impactions if accidentally ingested.<\/p>\n<p>If stones are to be used, select large river stones and not pebbles as many axolotls will ingest smaller stones resulting in intestinal blockages.<\/p>\n<p><em>Visit the client education handout &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/lafeber.com\/vet\/care-of-the-axolotl\/\">Care of the Axolotl<\/a>&#8221; for additional information<\/em>.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Social structure<\/strong><\/td>\n<td colspan=\"3\">Species-only aquarium; juveniles known for cannibalism; small fish may be consumed, large\/aggressive fish may damage external gills; given plenty of space adults may be okay sharing an aquarium<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><\/div><div class=\"ezcol-divider\"><\/div><br \/>\n<div class=\"ezcol ezcol-one-third\"><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2>Lifespan<\/h2>\n<p><\/div><br \/>\n<div class=\"ezcol ezcol-two-third ezcol-last\"><br \/>\nThe average lifespan for this species is about 10-15 years, though some individuals have been reported to live up to 20 years. Sexual maturity occurs when the animals reach about 18 cm in total length. Males often achieve maturity sooner than females.<br \/>\n<\/div><div class=\"ezcol-divider\"><\/div><br \/>\n<div class=\"ezcol ezcol-one-third\"><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2>Anatomy\/ physiology<\/h2>\n<p><\/div><br \/>\n<div class=\"ezcol ezcol-two-third ezcol-last\"><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Respiratory<\/strong><\/td>\n<td colspan=\"3\">\n<ul>\n<li>Cutaneous<\/li>\n<li>Buccopharyngeal<\/li>\n<li>Branchial<\/li>\n<li>Pulmonic<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Gastrointestinal <\/strong><\/td>\n<td colspan=\"3\">Short, simple carnivore tract. Prey items are prehended by a vacuum affect as the animal rapidly opens its mouth. The teeth are small with a blunt cone shape suited to gripping rather than shredding.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Cardiac<\/strong><\/td>\n<td colspan=\"3\">Three-chambered heart, capable of regeneration to a certain degree. Heart rate is strongly influenced by temperature.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Musculoskeletal<\/strong><\/td>\n<td colspan=\"3\">Appendage regeneration includes the regrowth of functional muscle and skeletal tissue.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Sexual dimorphism<\/strong><\/td>\n<td colspan=\"3\">Mature males will have a swollen appearance surrounding the cloaca while mature females will not.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Integument<\/strong><\/td>\n<td colspan=\"3\">Scaleless with minimal keratinization. Stratum corneum is shed and eaten regularly. Skin is highly vascular and produces significant amount of mucus.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Vision<\/strong><\/td>\n<td colspan=\"3\">Poor<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><\/div><div class=\"ezcol-divider\"><\/div><br \/>\n<div class=\"ezcol ezcol-one-third\"><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2>Restraint<\/h2>\n<p><\/div><br \/>\n<div class=\"ezcol ezcol-two-third ezcol-last\"><br \/>\n<a name=\"restraint\"><\/a>For the purpose of a visual examination, the animal and some of its aquarium water should be placed in a small, clear, water-tight container that allows the individual to be viewed from any perspective.<\/p>\n<p>Physical restraint should be avoided whenever possible to prevent damage to the delicate skin and exterior gills of this species, but when necessary a soft mesh net can be used briefly. If physical restraint is required (i.e. for diagnostic testing) the clinician should wear powderless gloves and handle the animal gently as not to disrupt the delicate skin. Low-lint cloths or Daylee\u00ae towels can be used to facilitate gentle restraint.<\/p>\n<p>Chemical restraint has been successfully performed with the use of a common fish anesthetic, tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222) and with the use of alfaxalone in a water bath (Burns 2019, Zullian 2015, McMillan 2011), or isoflurane bubbled into the water.<br \/>\n<\/div><div class=\"ezcol-divider\"><\/div><br \/>\n<div class=\"ezcol ezcol-one-third\"><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2>Venipuncture<\/h2>\n<p><\/div><br \/>\n<div class=\"ezcol ezcol-two-third ezcol-last\"><\/p>\n<p>Femoral vein<\/p>\n<p>Ventral tail vein, lateral approach<\/p>\n<p>Sedation\/anesthesia is recommended to reduce patient stress during this procedure (<a href=\"#restraint\"><em>see restraint above<\/em><\/a>)<\/p>\n<p><\/div><div class=\"ezcol-divider\"><\/div><br \/>\n<div class=\"ezcol ezcol-one-third\"><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2>Drug administration routes<\/h2>\n<p><\/div><br \/>\n<div class=\"ezcol ezcol-two-third ezcol-last\"><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Topical<\/strong><\/td>\n<td colspan=\"3\">Apply injectable medications to the dorsum and allow transdermal absorption.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Subcutaneous<\/strong><\/td>\n<td colspan=\"3\">Along the body<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Intramuscular<\/strong><\/td>\n<td colspan=\"3\">Forelimbs, epaxial musculature<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Intravenous<\/strong><\/td>\n<td colspan=\"3\">Femoral veins, branchial veins<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Intracoelomic<\/strong><\/td>\n<td colspan=\"3\">Ventral and caudal to the kidneys (<em>See Farkas 2015 for a diagram illustrating the dorsal location of the kidneys<\/em>).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><\/div><div class=\"ezcol-divider\"><\/div><br \/>\n<div class=\"ezcol ezcol-one-third\"><\/div><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2>Important medical conditions<\/h2>\n<div class=\"ezcol ezcol-two-third ezcol-last\"><br \/>\nThe axolotl has been studied in laboratory settings for years because of its ability to regenerate damaged or lost tissue, including whole limbs, heart tissue, and portions of the central nervous system.<\/p>\n<p>The use of exogenous thyroxine hormone is also known to cause terrestrial metamorphosis in this species.<\/p>\n<p>Many diseases seen in captive axolotls are due to poor husbandry.<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Inappetance<\/strong><\/td>\n<td colspan=\"3\">Caused by bacterial\/fungal infection, poor water quality\/temperature and foreign body ingestion<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Bloating<\/strong><\/td>\n<td colspan=\"3\">Caused by bacterial\/fungal infection, poor water quality, gastrointestinal disease and liver failure<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Obesity<\/strong><\/td>\n<td colspan=\"3\">Overfeeding coupled with slow metabolism and low energy demand puts axolotls at risk for obesity.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>GI obstruction<\/strong><\/td>\n<td colspan=\"3\">Gastrointestinal (GI) obstructions caused by ingestion of gravel or other small aquarium decor can lead to serious health problems, including death. Smaller items may occasionally be regurgitated by the animal without intervention or they can be removed using lubricated forceps. Surgery may be required for lower GI impactions.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Hyperthermia<\/strong><\/td>\n<td colspan=\"3\">Water temperature exceeding 24\u00b0C (75\u00b0F) can lead to hyperthermia. Patients may present with poor to no appetite, ascites, and uncontrollable positive buoyancy.<\/p>\n<p>Secondary bacterial infections are likely to occur in these cases. <em>Aeromonas<\/em> spp. and <em>Pseudomonas<\/em> spp. are common in septic cases.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Neoplasia<\/strong><\/td>\n<td colspan=\"3\">Melanomas, fibropapillomas and cutaneous haemangiomas common<br \/>\nMost are benign<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Bacterial infections<\/strong><\/td>\n<td colspan=\"3\">Due to poor water quality, overfeeding and stress<br \/>\nAeromonas spp. and Pseudomonas spp are common pathogens<br \/>\nMay lead to septicemia and death<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Fungal infections<\/strong><\/td>\n<td colspan=\"3\">Water mold infections are the most common fungal infection and appear as white cotton-like tufts on top of the skin.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Parasites<\/strong><\/td>\n<td colspan=\"3\">Axolotls can acquire enteric parasites from food items or other tank mates. Parasites of concern include <em>Hexamita, Opalina, Trichodina<\/em>, and <em>Ichthyobodo<\/em>.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Trauma<\/strong><\/td>\n<td colspan=\"3\">From tank mates or other species<br \/>\nMales should not be housed together unless there is ample space to hide<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Toxicosis<\/strong><\/td>\n<td colspan=\"3\">Tetracyclines are contraindicated in this species (Loh 2015). Other products considered unsafe in axolotls include malachite green and copper-based treatments (Loh 2015).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Exophthalmia, corneal opacities:<\/strong><\/td>\n<td colspan=\"3\">Can develop with prolonged exposure to elevated nitrate (NO<sub>3<\/sub>) levels<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><\/div><div class=\"ezcol-divider\"><\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"ref\">References and further reading<\/h2>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Native to Lake Xochimilco, its canal systems, and a few neighboring waterways of Mexico City, the axolotl is a neotenic amphibian species closely related to the tiger salamander. This Basic Information Sheet reviews natural history, conservation status, and taxonomy, as well as a number of clinically relevant topics including diet, housing, behavior, restraint, and important medical conditions seen in the axolotl. Login to view references.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":35277,"featured_media":54853,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[255,513,5593,5306],"class_list":["post-54785","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized","tag-carnivore","tag-obesity","tag-salamander","tag-water-quality","content_types-article","content_types-information-sheet","topics-husbandry","topics-nutrition","procedures-restraint-handling","species-amphibians","species-reptiles-amphibians","channel-resources-education","contributor-talbot","contributor-ryanoshea","contributor-horton"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Basic Information Sheet: Axolotl - LafeberVet<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Native to Lake Xochimilco, its canal systems, and a few neighboring waterways of Mexico City, the axolotl is a neotenic amphibian species closely related to the tiger salamander. 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This Basic Information Sheet reviews natural history, conservation status, and taxonomy, as well as a number of clinically relevant topics including diet, housing, behavior, restraint, and important medical conditions seen in the axolotl. 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