View this webinar recording presented by Claire Vergneau-Grosset, DMV, IPSAV, CES, DACZM, RACE-approved for 1 credit hour. Freshwater fish are the most common pets in North America, with over 139 million kept in U.S. households. Historically, fish medicine has focused on population-based care—a model still relevant in aquaculture and research settings. However, a more individualized approach is gaining ground. Dr. Grosset covers key aspects of companion fish care. Topics include history taking, water quality assessment, physical exams under anesthesia, and comparative diagnostic methods such as clinical pathology and imaging. This session also reviews core principles . . .
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El sitio Lafervet.com es para uso de los profesionales veterinarios. Está abierto a los veterinarios licenciados, técnicos veterinarios licenciados, rehabilitadores licenciados y estudiantes en estos campos.
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References
Associations
American Association of Fish Veterinarians
International Association for Aquatic Animal Medicine
Books, book chapters
American Veterinary Medical Association. 2024 AVMA Pet Ownership & Demographics Sourcebook. Available at https://ebusiness.avma.org/productcatalog/product.aspx?ID=2206. Accessed June 25, 2025.
Campbell TW, Grant KR. Exotic Animal Hematology and Cytology, 5th ed. 2022; Ames, IA: Wiley Blackwell.
Vergneau-Grosset C, Lair S. Medical treatment. In: Hadfield K, Clayton L (eds.) Clinical Guide to Fish Medicine. 2021; Hoboken, NJ: Wiley and Sons Inc. Pp. 233-266.
Vergneau-Grosset C, Weber ESIII. Fish surgery. In: Bennett RA, Pye GW (eds.) Surgery of Exotic Animals. 2021; Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons Inc. Pp. 46-62.
Journal articles
Balko JA, Oda A, Posner LP. Use of tricaine methanesulfonate or propofol for immersion euthanasia of goldfish (Carassius auratus). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2018;252(12):1555-1561. doi: 10.2460/javma.252.12.1555. PMID: 29889631.
Chin Lai N, Shabetai R, Graham JB, et al. Cardiac function of the leopard shark (Triakis semifasciata). J Compar Physiol B. 1990;160:259-268. doi: 10.1007/BF00302591.
Clauss TM, Dove AD, Arnold JE. Hematologic disorders of fish. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract. 2008;11(3):445-62, v. doi: 10.1016/j.cvex.2008.03.007. PMID: 18675728.
Corcoran M, Roberts-Sweeney H. Aquatic animal nutrition for the exotic animal practitioner. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract. 2014 Sep;17(3):333-46. doi: 10.1016/j.cvex.2014.05.005. PMID: 25155660.
Coutant T, Vergneau-Grosset C, Langlois I. Overview of drug delivery methods in exotics including their anatomical and physiological considerations. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract. 2018;21(2):215-259. doi: 10.1016/j.cvex.2018.01.006. PMID: 29655468.
Dotta G, Brum A, Jeronimo GT, Maraschin M, Martins ML. Effect of dietary supplementation with propolis and Aloe barbadensis extracts on hematological parameters and parasitism in Nile tilapia. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet. 2015;24(1):66-71. doi: 10.1590/S1984-29612015004. PMID: 25909255.
Grosset C, Weber ESIII, Gehring R, et al. Evaluation of an extended-release formulation of ceftiofur crystalline-free acid in koi (Cyprinus carpio). J Vet Pharmacol Ther. 2015;38(6):606-15. doi: 10.1111/jvp.12227. Epub 2015 Apr 16. PMID: 25876672.
Hang S, van Eerde A, Steen HS, et al. Establishment of a piscine myocarditis virus (PMCV) challenge model and testing of a plant-produced subunit vaccine candidate against cardiomyopathy syndrome (CMS) in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar. Aquaculture. 2021; 541:736806. doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2021.736806.
Heniff AC, Balko JA. Potassium chloride administered via four routes for euthanasia of anesthetized goldfish (Carassius auratus). J Zoo Wildl Med. 2023;54(3):435-442. doi: 10.1638/2022-0130. PMID: 37817609.
Jalenques M, Vergneau-Grosset C, Summa N, Youcef WA, St-Cyr JF, Lair S. A cluster of cases of thyroid hyperplasia in aquarium-housed tropical marine teleosts following a change of salt mix brand. J Zoo Wildl Med. 2020;51(3):725-728. doi: 10.1638/2019-0221. PMID: 33480551.
Lall SP, Tibbetts SM. Nutrition, feeding, and behavior of fish. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract. 2009;12(2):361-72, xi. doi: 10.1016/j.cvex.2009.01.005. PMID: 19341962.
Lamglait B, Jalenques M, Summa N, Youcef WA, Vergneau-Grosset C. A preliminary study of intrinsic and extrinsic factors influencing intraocular pressure in brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis). J Zoo Wildl Med. 2021;51(4):1012-1016. doi: 10.1638/2020-0088. PMID: 33480583.
Louis MM, Houck EL, Lewbart GA, Posner LP, Balko JA. Evaluation of potassium chloride administered via three routes for euthanasia of anesthetized koi (Cyprinus carpio). J Zoo Wildl Med. 2020;51(3):485-489. doi: 10.1638/2019-0207. PMID: 33480523.
Minich DJ, Fayette MA, Cox S. Pharmacokinetics of robenacoxib after a single intramuscular dose in smooth dogfish (Mustelus canis). Am J Vet Res. 2023;84(10):1-4. doi: 10.2460/ajvr.23.06.0130. PMID: 37541671.
Minich DJ, Garner MM. Gastric polypoid hyperplasia in Moray eels (Muraenidae): Eight cases. J Zoo Wildl Med. 2024;55(3):838-842. doi: 10.1638/2024-0001. PMID: 39255229.
Partyka M, Perlini M, Toborowsky C, et al. Echocardiographic evaluation in koi carp (Cyprinus carpio) under manual restraint compared to anesthesia with isoeugenol. Am J Vet Res. 2024;85(10):ajvr.24.04.0112. doi: 10.2460/ajvr.24.04.0112. PMID: 39079558.
Perret-Thiry C, Raulic J, Vergneau-Grosset C. Evaluation of prolonged immersion in tricaine methanesulfonate for juvenile goldfish (Carassius auratus) euthanasia. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2022;260(8):911-915. doi: 10.2460/javma.21.09.0416. PMID: 35143411.
Posner LP, Scott GN, Law JM. Repeated exposure of goldfish (Carassius auratus) to tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222). J Zoo Wildl Med. 2013 Jun;44(2):340-7. doi: 10.1638/2012-0151R1.1. PMID: 23805553.
Pujol J, Jalenques M, Lair S, Farley J, Vergneau-Grosset C. Occurrence of germ cell neoplasia in male striped bass (Morone saxatilis) under human care in a public aquarium: Surgical treatment and outcome. J Zoo Wildl Med. 2024;55(1):248-255. doi: 10.1638/2022-0174. PMID: 38453509.
Raulic J, Beaudry F, Beauchamp G, et al. Pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic and toxicology study of robenacoxib in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). J Zoo Wildl Med. 2021;52(2):529-537. doi: 10.1638/2020-0130. PMID: 34130395.
Romano Noriega J, Levet M, Binning SA, Vergneau-Grosset C. Use of a shuttle box model to assess the behavioral and analgesic effects of opioid injections in goldfish (Carassius auratus). Am J Vet Res. 2024;85(11):ajvr.24.06.0172. doi: 10.2460/ajvr.24.06.0172. PMID: 39236763.
Scagnelli AM, Javier S, Mitchell M, Acierno M. Efficacy of quick-start nitrifying products in controlled fresh-water aquaria. Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine. 2023;44:22-26. doi: 10.1053/j.jepm.2022.09.009.
Sneddon LU, Roques JAC. Pain recognition in fish. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract. 2023;26(1):1-10. doi: 10.1016/j.cvex.2022.07.002.
Sneddon LU. Evolution of nociception and pain: evidence from fish models. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2019 Nov 11;374(1785):20190290. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0290. Epub 2019 Sep 23. PMID: 31544617; PMCID: PMC6790376.
Sneddon LU. Comparative Physiology of Nociception and Pain. Physiology (Bethesda). 2018 Jan 1;33(1):63-73. doi: 10.1152/physiol.00022.2017. PMID: 29212893.
Svendsen JC, Nylund S, Kristoffersen AB, et al. Monitoring infection with Piscine myocarditis virus and development of cardiomyopathy syndrome in farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) in Norway. J Fish Dis. 2019;42(4):511-518. doi: 10.1111/jfd.12974. Epub 2019 Feb 26. PMID: 30805929; PMCID: PMC6849737.
Vergneau-Grosset C, Cruz Benedetti IC. Fish sedation and anesthesia. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract. 2022;25(1):13-29. doi: 10.1016/j.cvex.2021.08.001. PMID: 34823688.
Vergneau-Grosset C, Frigon JP, Benoit-Biancamano MO, et al. Establishment of preliminary reference intervals and cytochemical staining of blood cells in big-bellied seahorses (Hippocampus abdominalis). Vet Clin Pathol. 2023;52(1):123-131. doi: 10.1111/vcp.13165. Epub 2022 Dec 4. PMID: 36464841.
Vergneau-Grosset C, Larrat S. Evidence-based advances in aquatic animal medicine. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract. 2017;20(3):839-856. doi: 10.1016/j.cvex.2017.04.003. PMID: 28781036.
Vigneault A, Mylniczenko ND, Arnold RD, et al. Management of suspected dilated cardiomyopathy with pimobendan in two leopard sharks (Triakis semifasciata). J Zoo Wildl Med. 2023;54(2):401-405. doi: 10.1638/2022-0084. PMID: 37428706.
Yin F, Tang B. Lipid metabolic response, peroxidation, and antioxidant defence status of juvenile lined seahorse, Hippocampus erectus, fed with highly unsaturated fatty acids enriched Artemia nauplii. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society. 2012;43:716-726. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-7345.2012.00598.x.
Zheng JL, Tan JYW, Liu HY, et al. Evaluation of oregano essential oil (Origanum heracleoticum L.) on growth, antioxidant effect and resistance against Aeromonas hydrophila in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). Aquaculture. 2009;292(3-4):214-218. doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2009.04.025.
Conference proceeding
Grosset C, Normand-Carmel É, LeNet R, Lair S, Summa N. Use of magnetic resonance imaging to investigate buoyancy disorders in goldfish: a case series. Proc Annu Conf International Association of Aquatic Animal Medicine. 2018. Long Beach, CA.
Websites
Vergneau-Grosset C. Clinical approach to fish medicine. May 10, 2025. LafeberVet web site. Available at https://lafeber.com/vet/clinical-approach-to-fish-medicine/