Key Points
- Careful, experienced hand feeding technique reduces the risk of many potential problems including crop burn, crop atony, aspiration pneumonia, and some beak malformations.
- Crop burns are induced by feeding hot formula exceeding 110°F.
- Overfeeding can lead to overstretching of the crop and subsequent crop stasis, malnutrition, stunting, and secondary bacterial and fungal infections.
- Gastrointestinal foreign bodies and aspiration pneumonia are important diseases of birds of weaning age.
Feeding excessively hot formula (>110°F) causes crop burns. This problem is particularly common when formula is heated in a microwave without thorough mixing. Early signs of crop burn include . . .
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References
Clubb SL. Psittacine pediatric husbandry and medicine. In: Altman RB, Clubb SL, Dorrestein GM, Quesenberry K (eds). Avian Medicine and Surgery. WB Saunders; Philadelphia, PA. 1997. Pp. 73-95.
Clubb SL, Schubot R, Wolf S. Hematologic and serum biochemical reference intervals for juvenile macaws, cockatoos, and Eclectus parrots. In: Schubot RM, Clubb KJ, Clubb SL (eds). Psittacine Aviculture: Perspectives, Techniques, and Research. ABRC; Loxahatchee, Fl. 1992. Pp. 18.1-18.20.
Flammer K, Clubb SL. Neonatology. In: Ritchie BW, Harrison GJ, Harrison LR , (eds). Avian Medicine: Principles and Application. Wingers Publishing; Lake Worth, FL. 1994. Pp. 748-804.
Gregory CR, Latimer KS, Campagnoli RP, Ritchie BW. Histological evaluation of the crop for diagnosis of proventricular dilation syndrome in psittacine birds. J Vet Diag Invest 8:76-80, 1996.
Rivera S. Pediatric avian medicine: Traumatic conditions in the psittacine chick. May 6, 2008. LafeberVet Web site. https://lafeber.com/vet/pediatric-avian-medicine/