Key Points
- Air sac cannulas are routinely used to ventilate birds by a route other than endotracheal intubation. Air sac tubes are used for oxygenation and anesthesia, especially during surgery of the head or trachea where tracheal intubation would be cumbersome. In addition, air sac cannulas provide a means to medicate air sacs directly, and they are also used to aid dyspneic birds with tracheosyringeal obstruction from foreign bodies, granulomas, or tumors.
- Air sac cannulas are commercially available. Makeshift cannulas may be created from sterile endotracheal tubes or plastic tubing cut to the appropriate length.
- In parrots, pigeons, doves, and songbirds, insert the air sac cannula into the caudal thoracic or abdominal air sac.
- Air sac cannulae may be left in place for up to 7 days. However, they ideally should be removed within 4 days because of increased risk of bacterial or fungal infection with prolonged tube placement.
Air sac cannulas are routinely used to ventilate birds by a route other than endotracheal intubation. Air sac tubes are used for oxygenation and anesthesia, especially during surgery of the head or trachea where tracheal intubation would be cumbersome. In addition, air sac cannulas provide a means to medicate air sacs directly, and they are also used to aid dyspneic birds with tracheosyringeal obstruction from foreign bodies, granulomas, or tumors . . .
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References
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Harcourt-Brown N, Chitty J (eds). BSAVA Manual of Psittacine Birds. Quedgeley: British Small Animal Veterinary Association; 2005.
Gill FB. Ornithology. New York: WH Freeman and Co.; 2006.
Graham JE. Approach to the dyspneic avian patient. Sem Avian Exotic Pet Med. 13:154ñ159, 2004.
Nilson PC, Teramitsu I, White SA. Caudal thoracic air sac cannulation in zebra finches for isoflurane anesthesia. J. Neurosci Methods 143(2):107ñ115, 2005.
Rode JA, Bartholow S, Ludders JW. Ventilation through an air sac cannula during tracheal obstruction in ducks. J. Assoc. Avian Vet 4:98ñ102, 1990.
Brown C, Pilny A. Air sac cannula placement. May 27 2007. LafeberVet Web site. Available at https://lafeber.com/vet/air-sac-cannula/