Arterial blood pressure measurement is an important tool in the management of the critically ill bird. Systolic blood pressure is the pressure exerted against the blood vessel wall during contraction of the heart. Although direct arterial pressure measurement is ideal, it is not commonly used because of the need for specific technical skill, invasive nature of the procedure, and cost of equipment . . .
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References
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Lichtenberger M. Determination of indirect blood pressure in the companion bird. Seminars in Avian and Exotic Pet Medicine 14(2):149-152, 2005.
Lichtenberger M, Orcutt C, Debehnke D, et al. Mortality and response to fluid resuscitation after blood loss in mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos). Proc Assoc Avian Vet, 2002. Pp. 65-70.
Ludders JW, Mitchell GS, Rode J. Minimal anesthetic concentration and cardiopulmonary dose response of isoflurane in ducks. Vet Surg. 1990 Jul-Aug;19(4):304-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.1990.tb01193.x. PMID: 2382400.
Lichtenberger M. Measuring avian blood pressure. May 27, 2007. LafeberVet web site. Available at https://lafeber.com/vet/measuring-avian-blood-pressure/